Let’s Eliminate “Culture” from Social Science (er, Disciplines)

Joel Mokyr, in his new book A Culture of Growth, says on p.8

Culture means various things to different people, and to begin, we need to clarify the concept and our use of it. Given the rather astonishing popularity of the concept of culture in the social sciences and the humanities and the mind-boggling number of definitions employed. . .

What follows from this is that social scientists should not use the term “culture” and instead replace it with a word or phrase that is less loaded with alternative definitions and connotations. Mokyr goes on to explain what he means by culture, pointing out that it is similar to a definition that can be found in Boyd and Richerson’s book Culture and the Evolutionary Process. Mokyr offers

Culture is a set of beliefs, values, and preferences, capable of affecting behavior, that are socially (not genetically) transmitted and that are shared by some subset of society.

My recommendation would be to replace the term “culture” with the phrase “socially communicated knowledge and behavior.” I think it is pretty obvious that a large subset of what we know is socially communicated through conversation, writing, teaching, on-the-job training, and such. A large subset of our behavior also is socially communicated. We imitate prestigious people. We obey authorities. We covet praise and fear being shamed by friends, family, and strangers.

I am not saying that everyone should define culture as “socially communicated knowledge and behavior.” Other people may wish to define it differently. Rather, I am suggest that Mokyr and others who use the term “culture” as he does should instead use the phrase “socially communicated knowledge and behavior.”

If you want to say that economic growth and development are affected by culture, some people will be inclined to resist. But if you say that economic growth and development are affected by socially communicated knowledge and behavior, my guess is that you will have pretty much everyone on your side immediately. If you say that the market is an institution that contributes to culture, again some people will resist. But if you say that the market is an institution that contributes to socially communicated knowledge and behavior, people will be ready to listen to your account of that process.

In short, the best way to get “culture” appreciated as an important factor in economics and other social sciences disciplines is to stop using the term “culture.”